Giacobbe Giusti, Boy with Thorn

 

Giacobbe Giusti, Boy with Thorn

Giacobbe Giusti, Boy with Thorn

Lo Spinario (Palazzo dei Conservatori, Musei Capitolini).

Boy with Thorn, also called Fedele (Fedelino) or Spinario, is a Greco-Roman Hellenistic bronze sculpture of a boy withdrawing a thorn from the sole of his foot, now in the Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome. A Roman marble of this subject from the Medici collections is in a corridor of the Uffizi Gallery, Florence.^[1]

The sculpture was one of the very few Roman bronzes that was never lost to sight. It was standing outside the Lateran Palace when the Navarrese rabbi Benjamin of Tudela saw it in the 1160s and identified it as Absalom, who “was without blemish from the sole of his foot to the crown of his head.”^[2] It was noted in the late twelfth or early thirteenth century by the English visitor, Magister Gregorius, who noted in his De mirabilibus urbis Romae that it was ridiculously thought to be Priapus.^[3] It must have been one of the sculptures transferred to the Palazzo dei Conservatori by Pope Sixtus IV in the 1470s, though it is not recorded there until 1499-1500.^[4] It was celebrated in the Early Renaissance, one of the first Roman sculptures to be copied: there are bronze reductions by Severo da Ravenna and Jacopo Buonaccolsi, called “L’Antico” for his refined classicizing figures: he made a copy for Isabella d’Este about 1501^[5] and followed it with an untraced pendant that perhaps reversed the pose. For a fountain of 1500 in Messina, Antonello Gagini made a full-size variant, probably the bronze that is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

Giacobbe Giusti, Boy with Thorn

Roman marble copy, c.25 – 50 CE, of the lost 3rd century BCE Hellenistic original of the type. From the Castellani collection, Rome, said to have been found on the Esquiline. The base of the statue is worked as a rock, with a hole for a fountain pipe. (British Museum)^[6]

In the sixteenth century, bronze copies made suitably magnificent ambassadorial gifts to the King of France and the King of Spain. For Francis I of France, the gift came from Ippolito II d’Este;^[7] his copy was overseen by Giovanni Fancelli and Jacopo Sansovino, and the transaction effected by the courtly Benvenuto Cellini. For Philip II of Spain, the copy was the gift of Cardinal Giovanni Ricci. In the following century Charles I of England had a bronze Spinario by Hubert Le Sueur (Haskell and Penny 1981: 308).

Small bronze reductions were suitable for the less grand. A Still Life with ‘Spinario’ by Pieter Claesz, 1628, is conserved at the Rijksmuseum; among the riches emblemmatic of the good life, it displays a small plaster model of the Spinario.^[8]

There were also marble copies. The Medici Roman marble seems to have been among the collection of antiquities assembled in the gardens at San Marco, Florence, which were the resort of the humanists in the circle of Lorenzo il Magnifico, who opened his collection to young artists to study from. The young Michelangelo profited from this early exposure to antique sculpture, and it has been discussed whether Masaccio was influenced by the Medici Spinario or by the bronze he saw in Rome in the 1420s,^[9] but Filippo Brunelleschi more certainly adapted the Spinario’s pose for the left-hand attendant in the bronze competition panel, The Sacrifice of Isaac 1401, his trial piece for the doors of the Baptistery of San Giovanni.^[10]

The formerly popular title Il Fedele (“The faithful boy”) derived from an anecdote invented to give this intimate and naturalistic study a more heroic civic setting: the faithful messenger, a mere shepherd boy, had delivered his message to the Roman Senate first, only then stopping to remove a painful thorn from his foot: the Roman Senate commemorated the event. Such a story was already deflated in Paolo Alessandro Maffei’s Raccolta di statue antiche e moderni… of 1704^[11]

Taking into account Hellenistic marble variants that have been discovered, of which the best is the Thorn-Puller from the Castellani collection now in the British Museum,^[12] none of which have the archaizing qualities of the bronze Spinario, recent scholarship has tended to credit this as a Roman bronze of the first century CE, with a head adapted from an archaic prototype.^[13]

 

http://www.italianways.com/lo-spinario-ragazzo-con-mistero/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_with_Thorn

http://www.giacobbegiusti.com

Giacobbe Giusti, ‘Dying Gaul ‘

Giacobbe Giusti, ‘Dying Gaul ‘

Dying Gaul Musei Capitolini

	The Dying Gaul is one of the best-known and most important works in the Capitoline museum. It is a replica of one of the sculptures in the ex-voto group dedicated to Pergamon by Attalus I to commemorate the victories over the Galatians in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC. The identity of the sculptor of the original is unknown, but it has been suggested that Epigonus, the court sculptor of the Attalid dynasty of Pergamon, may have been its sculptor.
Date	1st century BC
Medium	sculpture in the round / marble
Dimensions	Length: 1.865 cm (0.7 in). Height: 0.93 cm (0.4 in). Depth: 0.89 cm (0.4 in).

http://www.giacobbegiusti.com

Giacobbe Giusti, Capitoline Wolf

Giacobbe Giusti, Capitoline Wolf

 

 

 

 

 

 

Capitoline Wolf

Capitoline Wolf

Year	13th and late 15th century AD
Type	Bronze
Dimensions	75 cm × 114 cm (30 in × 45 in)
Location	Musei Capitolini, Rome, Italy

The Capitoline Wolf (Italian: Lupa Capitolina) is a bronze sculpture of a she-wolf suckling twin human infants, inspired by the legend of the founding of Rome. According to the legend, when Numitor, grandfather of the twins Romulus and Remus, was overthrown by his brother Amulius, the usurper ordered the twins to be cast into the Tiber River. They were rescued by a she-wolf who cared for them until a herdsman, Faustulus, found and raised them. The Capitoline Wolf has been housed since 1471 in the Palazzo dei Conservatori on the Campidoglio (the ancient Capitoline Hill), Rome, Italy.

The age and origin of the Capitoline Wolf is a subject of controversy. The statue was long thought to be an Etruscan work of the 5th century BC,^[1] with the twins added in the late 15th century AD, probably by the sculptor Antonio Pollaiolo.^[2] However, radiocarbon and thermoluminescence dating has found that the wolf portion of the statue was likely cast between 1021 and 1153.^[3]

 

• 1 Description
• 2 Attribution and dating
• 3 History of the sculpture
• 4 Modern use and symbolism
• 5 See also
• 6 Notes
• 7 References
• 8 Further reading
• 9 External links

Description

The sculpture is somewhat larger than life-size, standing 75 cm high and 114 cm long. The wolf is depicted in a tense, watchful pose, with alert ears and glaring eyes watching for danger. By contrast, the human twins – executed in a completely different style – are oblivious to their surroundings, absorbed by their suckling.^[4]

Attribution and dating

The she-wolf from the legend of Romulus and Remus was regarded as a symbol of Rome from ancient times. Several ancient sources refer to statues depicting the wolf suckling the twins. The oldest is Livy‘s report of one set up at the foot of the Palatine Hill in 295 B.C. (X.23). Pliny the Elder mentions the presence in the Roman Forum of a statue of a she-wolf that was “a miracle proclaimed in bronze nearby, as though she had crossed the Comitium while Attus Navius was taking the omens”. Cicero also mentions a statue of the she-wolf as one of a number of sacred objects on the Capitoline that had been inauspiciously struck by lightning in the year 65 BC: “it was a gilt statue on the Capitol of a baby being given suck from the udders of a wolf.”^[5] Cicero also mentions the wolf in De Divinatione 1.20 and 2.47.^[6]

It was widely assumed that the Capitoline Wolf was the very sculpture described by Cicero, due to the presence of damage to the sculpture’s paw, which was believed to correspond to the lightning strike of 65 BC. The 18th-century German art historian Johann Joachim Winckelmann attributed the statue to an Etruscan maker in the 5th century BC, based on how the wolf’s fur was depicted.^[7] It was first attributed to the Veiian artist Vulca, who decorated the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, and then re-attributed to an unknown Etruscan artist of approximately 480-470 BC. Winckelmann correctly identified a Renaissance origin for the twins; they were probably added in 1471 or later.^[8]

During the 19th century, a number of researchers questioned Winckelmann’s dating of the bronze. August Emil Braun, the secretary of the Archaeological Institute of Rome, proposed in 1854 that the damage to the wolf’s paw had been caused by an error during casting. Wilhelm Fröhner, the Conservator of the Louvre, stated in 1878 that style of the statue was attributable to the Carolingian period rather than the Etruscan, and in 1885 Wilhelm von Bode also stated that he was of the view that the statue was most likely a medieval work. However, these views were largely disregarded and had been forgotten by the 20th century.^[8]

In 2006, the Italian art historian Anna Maria Carruba and the Etruscologist Adriano La Regina contested the traditional dating of the wolf on the basis of an analysis of the casting technique. Carruba had been given the task of restoring the sculpture in 1997, enabling her to examine how it had been made. She observed that the statue had been cast in a single piece using a variation of the lost-wax casting technique that was not used in ancient times; ancient Greek and Roman bronzes were typically constructed from multiple pieces, a method that facilitated high quality castings with less risk than would be involved in casting the entire sculpture at once. Single-piece casting was, however, widely used in medieval times to mould bronze items that needed a high level of rigidity, such as bells and cannon. Carruba argues, like Braun, that the damage to the wolf’s paw had resulted from an error in the moulding process. In addition, La Regina, who is the state superintendent of Rome’s cultural heritage, argues that the sculpture’s artistic style is more akin to Carolingian and Romanesque art than that of the ancient world.^[8]

Radiocarbon and thermoluminescence dating was carried out at the University of Salento in February 2007 to resolve the question. The results revealed with an accuracy of 95.4 percent that the sculpture was crafted between the 11th and 12th century AD.

History of the sculpture

The sculpture in Musei Capitolini

It is unclear when the sculpture was first erected, but there are a number of medieval references to a “wolf” standing in the Pope’s Lateran Palace. In the 10th century Chronicon of Benedict of Soracte, the monk chronicler writes of the institution of a supreme court of justice “in the Lateran palace, in the place called the Wolf, viz, the mother of the Romans.” Trials and executions “at the Wolf” are recorded from time to time until 1438.^[9]

The 12th-century English cleric Magister Gregorius wrote a descriptive essay De Mirabilibus Urbis Romae^[10] and recorded in an appendix three pieces of sculpture he had neglected: one was the Wolf in the portico at the principal entrance to the Vatican Palace. He mentions no twins, for he noted that she was set up as if stalking a bronze ram that was nearby, which served as a fountain. The wolf had also served as a fountain, Magister Gregorius thought, but it had been broken off at the feet and moved to where he saw it.^[11]

The present-day Capitoline Wolf could not have been the sculpture seen by Benedict and Gregorius, if its newly attributed age is accepted, though it is conceivable that it could have been a replacement for an earlier (now lost) depiction of the Roman wolf. In December 1471 Pope Sixtus IV ordered the present sculpture to be transferred to the Palazzo dei Conservatori on the Capitoline Hill, and the twins were added some time around then. The Capitoline Wolf joined a number of other genuinely ancient sculptures transferred at the same time, to form the nucleus of the Capitoline Museum.

Modern use and symbolism

Capitoline Wolf at Siena Duomo. According to a legend Siena was founded by Senius and Aschius, two sons of Remus. When they fled Rome, they took the statue of She-wolf to Siena, what becomes symbol of the town.

The image was favored by Benito Mussolini, who cast himself as the founder of the “New Rome“. To encourage American goodwill, he sent several copies of the Capitoline Wolf to U.S. cities. In 1929 he sent one replica for a Sons of Italy national convention in Cincinnati, Ohio. It was switched for another one in 1931, which still stands in Eden Park, Cincinnati.^[12] Another replica was given by Mussolini to the city of Rome, Georgia, the same year.^[13] A third copy went to Rome, New York.^[14] Another ended up at North-Eastern Normal University, China, where ancient Greek and Roman history is studied.

The Capitoline Wolf was used on both the emblem and the poster for the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. The Roman football club A.S. Roma uses it in its emblem as well.

The programme of conservation undertaken in the 1990s resulted in an exhibition devoted to the Lupa Capitolina and her iconography.^[15]

In the 2009 movie Agora, set in 5th-century Alexandria, the Capitoline Wolf—complete with the del Pollaiolo twins—can be seen in the prefect’s palace. This is visible in the scene before Hypatia‘s capture, directly behind her character.

In Rick Riordan’s The Son of Neptune, Lupa is the wolf that trains all demigods who wish to enter Camp Jupiter. She trains Percy Jackson and is mentioned that she trained Jason Grace also.

The Boston Latin School uses an image on the cover of their agenda book as well as being the official school emblem.

The Capitoline Wolf is used in Romania and Moldova as a symbol of the Latin origin of its inhabitants and in some major cities there are replicas of the original statue given as a gift from Italy at the beginning of the 20th century.

 

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitoline_Wolf

http://www.giacobbegiusti.com

Giacobbe Giusti, ‘Lysippe’

Giacobbe Giusti, ‘Lysippe’

Lisippo

L’Apoxyomenos, copia romana, Museo Pio-Clementino

Eros che incorda l’arco, Roma, Musei Capitolini

Socrate, busto scolpito, copia romana

Lisippo (in greco anticoΛύσιππος; Sicione, 390/385 a.C. – dopo il 306 a.C.) è stato uno scultore e bronzista greco antico. Ultimo tra i grandi maestri della scultura greca classica, fu attivo dal 372-368 a.C. fino alla fine del IV secolo a.C. Lavorò per Alessandro Magno, che ritrasse numerose volte, e terminò la propria carriera al servizio di un altro re macedone, Cassandro I, tra il 316 e il 311 a.C.

Indice

• 1 Cenni biografici
• 2 Opere
• 3 Stile
• 4 Altre opere attribuite a Lisippo e copie romane dagli originali
• 5 La scuola di Lisippo
• 6 Note
• 7 Bibliografia
• 8 Voci correlate
• 9 Altri progetti
• 10 Collegamenti esterni

Cenni biografici

Originario di Sicione, città dell’Arcadia sul golfo di Corinto, nacque nei primi anni del IV secolo a.C. e si formò verosimilmente sulle opere di Policleto e sulla scultura peloponnesiaca, nonostante Duride di Samo lo dicesse formato al di fuori di ogni scuola e maestro, ovvero studioso della natura su consiglio di Eupompo, forse enfatizzando troppo il tema letterario del genio autodidatta.

Fu soprattutto bronzista e lavorò a lungo nella sua città per poi spostarsi in vari centri della Grecia (Olimpia, Corinto, Rodi, Delfi, Atene) e dell’Italia (Roma e Taranto).

Morì in data non precisata, ma sicuramente in età molto avanzata, come testimonia la notizia di un ritratto di Seleuco I Nicatore, quindi fino alla fine del secolo

Lysippe de Sicyone (v. 395 av. J.-C.– v. 305 av. J.-C.) est un sculpteur et bronziergrec. Il est notamment le portraitiste attitré d’Alexandre le Grand, père et maître de Laippos, Boédas, Euthycratès.

Sommaire

 [masquer] 

• 1 Biographie
• 2 Galerie d’œuvres
• 3 Notes et références
• 4 Voir aussi
• 5 Bibliographie

Biographie

Sa carrière s’étend de 372 av. J.-C., date à laquelle il réalise une statue de Troïlos, un vainqueur des Jeux olympiques, à 306 av. J.-C. environ. Pline l’Ancien situe son apogée lors de la 113^eolympiade, c’est-à-dire vers 328 av. J.-C.^[1]

Théoricien, il reprit les calculs de proportions de Polyclète et les modifia, en établissant un nouveau canon plus élancé du corps humain, avec une hauteur de huit têtes : la tête fait un huitième du corps au lieu de un septième. Multipliant les recherches sur le mouvement et le rôle de la lumière, il se fit le champion d’un art expressif et réaliste.

Il est réputé pour avoir produit 1 500 œuvres^[2], et ne semble appartenir à aucune école de bronziers^[3].

Parmi les œuvres ayant survécu, Lysippe est usuellement reconnu comme l’auteur de l’Apoxyomène, de l’Hercule Farnèse, de l’Éros bandant son arc, du monument votif de Daochos, du Pugiliste des Thermes, du type de l’Alexandre Azara ou encore de l’Hermès à la sandale.

 

 

Hermès d’Atalante, copie romaine d’un original attribué à Lysippe, Musée national archéologique d’Athènes

http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisippo

http://www.giacobbegiusti.com

Giacobbe Giusti: Brutus Capitolin

Giacobbe Giusti: Brutus Capitolin

“Capitoline Brutus”, bronze portrait head, glass-inlaid bone eyes, late 4th to early 3rd centuries BC, on a 16th-century bronze bust

Giacobbe Giusti: Brutus Capitolin

 

Buste de L. Junius Brutus

Artiste	Inconnu
Date	300-275 av. J.-C.
Type	Bronze
Technique	Sculpture
Dimensions (H)	69 cm
Localisation	Musées du Capitole, Rome (Italie)

http://www.antoniohernandez.es/Arte/imagenes/02%20Roma/Webs/Escultura/BRUTO.html

Brutus Capitolin (en italien Bruto Capitolino) est un buste de bronze typique de la période de la république romaine. Les sculptures de bronze romaines sont très rares parce qu’elles ont souvent été fondues à diverses époques pour récupérer la matière première.

Ce bronze a été découvert à Rome en 1500 et associé sans véritables preuves à Brutus, le fondateur mythique de la République. Le visage possède une expression sérieuse, concentrée, et combine de plus des éléments grecs au niveau de la chevelure. La statue est actuellement conservée au Palais des Conservateurs des Musées du Capitole à Rome.

La partie originale faisait sûrement partie d’une statue plus grande, aujourd’hui perdue. La tête, qui nous est parvenue intacte, est un extraordinaire exemple de l’époque républicaine.

• Ranuccio Bianchi Bandinelli et Mario Torelli, L’arte dell’antichità classica, Etruria-Roma, Utet, Torino 1976.
• (it) Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en italien intitulé « bruto capitolino » (voir la liste des auteurs).

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brutus_Capitolin

http://www.giacobbegiusti.com