Giacobbe Giusti: Power and Pathos: Bronze Sculpture of the Hellenistic World

Giacobbe Giusti:  Power and Pathos: Bronze Sculpture of the Hellenistic World

 

Rare Bronze Sculptures from Hellenistic Period on View at National Gallery of Art, Washington, December 13, 2015–March 20, 2016

Unknown Artist (Hellenistic Bronze)
Athlete “Ephesian Apoxyomenos”, AD 1- 90
bronze and copper
Kunsthistorisches Museum, Antikensammlung, Vienna

Washington, DC—An unprecedented exhibition of some 50 rare bronze sculptures and related works from the Hellenistic period will be on view at the National Gallery of Art from December 13, 2015, through March 20, 2016. Previously at the Palazzo Strozzi, Florence, and the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, Power and Pathos: Bronze Sculpture of the Hellenistic World showcases bronze sculptures that are remarkably lifelike, often enhanced by copper eyelashes and lips and colored glass or stone eyes. Of the many thousands of bronze statues created in the Hellenistic period, only a small fraction is preserved. This exhibition is the first to gather together so many of the finest surviving bronzes from museums in Europe, North Africa, and the United States.

“We are delighted to present visitors with this rare opportunity to see these dazzling works up close,” said Earl A. Powell III, director, National Gallery of Art, Washington. “We are grateful to the lenders—museums in Austria, Denmark, France, Georgia, Great Britain, Greece, Italy, Spain, Tunisia, the United States, and the Vatican—as well as Bank of America for their generous support.”

During the Hellenistic period—generally from the late fourth century BC to the first century AD—the art and culture of Greece spread throughout the Mediterranean and lands once conquered by Alexander the Great. Through the medium of bronze, artists were able to capture the dynamic realism, expression, and detail that characterize the new artistic goals of the era.

“The works from the Power and Pathos exhibition represent a turning point in artistic innovation during one of the most culturally vibrant periods in world history,” said Rena De Sisto, global arts and culture executive, Bank of America. “We’re thrilled to be the National Tour Sponsor and to help bring this important collection to D.C. in hopes to inspire curiosity and wonder.”

Exhibition Organization and Support

The exhibition was organized by the National Gallery of Art, Washington; the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles; and the Fondazione Palazzo Strozzi, Florence, in collaboration with the Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici della Toscana.

Bank of America is the national sponsor of this touring exhibition.

The exhibition is also made possible through a generous gift from an anonymous donor. The Marshall B. Coyne Foundation has provided additional support through the Fund for the International Exchange of Art. This exhibition is supported by an indemnity from the Federal Council on the Arts and the Humanities.

Exhibition Highlights

Power and Pathos brings together the most significant examples of Hellenistic bronze sculpture to highlight their varying styles, techniques, contexts, functions, and histories. The conquests of Alexander the Great (ruled 336–323 BC) created one of the largest empires in history and ushered in the Hellenistic period, which ended with the rise of the Roman Empire. For some 300 years after Alexander’s death, the medium of bronze drove artistic experimentation and innovation. Bronze—surpassing marble with its tensile strength, reflective surface, and ability to hold the finest detail—was used for dynamic poses, dazzling displays of the nude body, and vivid expressions of age and character.

“Realistic portraiture as we know it today, with an emphasis on individuality and expression, originated in the Hellenistic period,” said exhibition curator Kenneth Lapatin.  Jens M. Daehner, co-curator, added, “Along with images of gods, heroes, and athletes, sculptors introduced new subjects and portrayed people at all stages of life, from infancy to old age.” Both Daehner and Lapatin are associate curators in the department of antiquities at the J. Paul Getty Museum.

A widespread ancient phenomenon, Hellenistic art is found not only throughout the Mediterranean, but also in regions far away, such as Thrace in the Balkans, ancient Colchis (in the Republic of Georgia), and the southern Arabian Peninsula. Through several thematic sections, the exhibition emphasizes the unique role of bronze both as a medium of prestige and artistic innovation and as a material exceptionally suited for reproduction. The exhibition is divided into sections as follows:

Introduction: The Rarity of Bronzes: Large-scale bronze statues have rarely survived from antiquity, as most were melted down so that their valuable metal could be reused. Rows of empty stone pedestals can still be seen at ancient sites. Lysippos of Sikyon (c. 390–305 BC), the favorite sculptor of Alexander the Great, created 1,500 works in bronze, according to Pliny the Elder. None survive; their existence is known partly from later copies and statue bases inscribed with the artist’s name, such as the one on view at the beginning of the exhibition. Many bronzes known today have been preserved only because they were accidentally buried or lost at sea, then recovered centuries later by archaeologists, divers, and fishermen.

Alexander and His Successors: Lysippos is credited with creating the image of Alexander the Great that artists have perpetuated through the centuries: a man of vigor, fit and lithe, clean-shaven, with long, windswept hair. The statuette Alexander the Great on Horseback, in bronze with silver and copper inlays, may be a small-scale version of a lost monumental sculpture that Lysippos created to commemorate Alexander’s victory over the Persians in 334 BC. Portraits of Alexander provided the models that his successors would emulate, resulting in the distinctive genre of ruler portraiture that emerged in the Hellenistic period.

Rulers and Citizens/Likeness and Expression: Realistic features and depictions of emotional states are hallmarks of Hellenistic sculpture. Individualized portraits superseded the largely idealized types of earlier periods. Hellenistic portraits emphasize pathos—lived experience—appealing to viewers’ emotions by conveying an individual’s state of mind or experience of life through facial expression or gestures. Citizens and benefactors honored with statues were shown clothed, while rulers were portrayed nude or in armor, sometimes on horseback. Nudity, traditionally reserved for images of athletes, heroes, and gods, became an artistic attribute of Hellenistic rulers or military leaders.

Bodies Real and Ideal: Hellenistic sculptors continued to create idealized figures, but with a new interest in realistic detail and movement, as seen in the Boy Runner, a statue of a boy athlete shown only at the National Gallery of Art.  Many artists took inspiration from Lysippos, often considered the most important artist of the Hellenistic period. He specialized in athletic figures in their prime, emphasizing their muscles and rendering their hair disheveled from sweat and exercise. Lysippos also introduced new, elongated proportions and smaller heads, making his figures appear taller and more graceful than those of the Classical period.

Apoxyomenos and the Art of Replication: The process of casting bronze statues in reusable molds encouraged the production of multiple copies of the same statue. The image of an athlete known as an Apoxyomenos (“scraper”) appears in two bronze versions: a full-length statue excavated at Ephesos in present-day Turkey (on loan from the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna, Austria) and a bronze head known since the 16th century (now in Fort Worth, Texas), which once formed part of a comparable statue. Athletes competed nude, their bodies coated in oil; after exercising, they scraped themselves clean with a strigil, a curved implement that removed the oil and accumulated dust and grime.

Images of the Divine: The expressive capabilities of bronze and the dynamic styles of Hellenistic sculpture were adapted to representations of divine beings. Their images became less ideal and more realistic or “human.” The statuette Weary Herakles, for example, shows the hero fatigued rather than triumphant after completing the labors that earned him immortality. The love-god Eros, formerly shown as an elegant adolescent, is transformed into a pudgy baby, inspiring Roman images of the god Cupid and putti of the Italian Renaissance. In the Hellenistic era, deities became more accessible, now thought of as living beings with changing physical and emotional states.

Styles of the Past/Roman Collectors and Greek Art: A high regard for history characterizes the Hellenistic period. Artists created statues and statuettes in styles from both the recent and distant past. Statues of Apollo on view echo the stiff frontal figures of youths known as kouroi that were dedicated in Greek sanctuaries and cemeteries throughout the sixth century BC. In contrast, a bust of the Doryphoros (Spear Bearer) copies a work by Polykleitos, one of the most famous classical sculptors of the fifth century BC.  Most of the sculptures in this section adorned the villas and gardens of prominent Romans who eagerly collected Greek works of art, including the famouse statuette known as the Dancing Faun (Pan), found in the atrium of the House of the Faun in Pompeii, another work shown only in Washington.

From the Hellenistic to the Augustan Era: The Augustan era saw a renewed interest in the idealized styles of Classical Greece. Augustus, the first Roman emperor (ruled 27 BC–AD 14), favored the Classical style for much of his official art to associate his reign with the golden age of fifth-century Athens under Pericles. The sculpture of a boy wearing a himation, a large rectangle of cloth wrapped around the waist, and the nude statue of a youth known as the Idolino (“little idol”), exemplify this trend.

Film and Audio Tour

A film produced by the Gallery in conjunction with the exhibition and made possible by the HRH Foundation provides an overview of art of the Hellenistic period. Narrated by actor Liev Schreiber, the film includes new footage of the ancient sites of Delphi, Corinth, and Olympia, which once were crowded with bronze statues.

For the first time, the Gallery is offering a free audio tour that visitors can download to their mobile devices. Narrated by Earl A. Powell III, the tour includes commentary from exhibition curators Jens M. Daehner and Kenneth Lapatin, and bronze specialist Carol C. Mattusch of George Mason University.

Curators and Catalog

The exhibition curators are Jens M. Daehner and Kenneth Lapatin, both associate curators in the department of antiquities at the J. Paul Getty Museum. Susan M. Arensberg, head of the department of exhibition programs, is the coordinating curator for the National Gallery of Art.

Published by the J. Paul Getty Museum, the fully illustrated scholarly catalog is the first comprehensive volume on Hellenistic bronze statuary. It includes groundbreaking archaeological, art-historical, and scientific essays offering new approaches to understanding ancient production of these remarkable works of art. The 368-page hardcover catalog is currently available. To order, please visit http://shop.nga.gov/; call (800) 697-9350 or (202) 842-6002; fax (202) 789-3047; or e-mail mailorder@nga.gov.

General Information

The National Gallery of Art and its Sculpture Garden are at all times free to the public. They are located on the National Mall between 3rd and 9th Streets at Constitution Avenue NW, and are open Monday through Saturday from 10:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. and Sunday from 11:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. The Gallery is closed on December 25 and January 1. With the exception of the atrium and library, the galleries in the East Building will remain closed until late fall 2016 for Master Facilities Plan and renovations. For information call (202) 737-4215 or visit the Gallery’s Web site at www.nga.gov. Follow the Gallery on Facebook at www.facebook.com/NationalGalleryofArt, Twitter at www.twitter.com/ngadc, and Instagram at http://instagram.com/ngadc.

Visitors will be asked to present all carried items for inspection upon entering. Checkrooms are free of charge and located at each entrance. Luggage and other oversized bags must be presented at the 4th Street entrances to the East or West Building to permit x-ray screening and must be deposited in the checkrooms at those entrances. For the safety of visitors and the works of art, nothing may be carried into the Gallery on a visitor’s back. Any bag or other items that cannot be carried reasonably and safely in some other manner must be left in the checkrooms. Items larger than 17 by 26 inches cannot be accepted by the Gallery or its checkrooms.

For additional press information please call or send inquiries to:
Department of Communications
National Gallery of Art
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phone: (202) 842-6353
e-mail: pressinfo@nga.gov

Anabeth Guthrie
Chief of Communications – Converged Media
(202) 842-6804
a-guthrie@nga.gov

http://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/press/exh/3633.html

http://www.giacobbegiusti.com

Giacobbe Giusti, Roman statues of runners found at Herculaneum

Giacobbe Giusti, Roman statues of runners found at Herculaneum

https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_dei_Papiri
http://www.GiacobbeGiusti.com

Giacobbe Giusti, 50 ancient bronzes at the Getty Museum

Giacobbe Giusti, 50 ancient bronzes at the Getty Museum

Photo: Nick Ut, AP
“Athlete, The Croatian Apoxyomenos, Greek, 1st century BC,” is seen at the J. Paul Getty Museum in the “Power and Pathos: Bronze Sculpture of Hellenistic World” exhibit in Los Angeles. The exhibit brings together more than 50 bronzes from the Hellenistic period that extended from about 323 to 31 B.C.

Power and Pathos: Bronze Sculpture of the Hellenistic World is on view through November 1 in the J. Paul Getty Museum at the Getty Center, 1200 Getty Center Drive, Los Angeles. Hours, Tuesday through Friday and Sunday from 10 a.m. to 5:30 p.m., and Saturday from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. Free; parking $15. For more information or to learn about events related to the exhibition, call (310) 440-7300 or go to getty.edu. ER

http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Dozens-of-brilliant-bronze-works-on-display-at-6409657.php#photo-8372594

http://www.giacobbegiusti.com

Giacobbe Giusti, Power and Pathos at the Getty Museum

Giacobbe Giusti, Power and Pathos at the Getty Museum

http://www.artribune.com/2015/08/scultura-classica-e-poesia-italiane-si-incontrano-a-los-angeles-gabriele-tinti-protagonista-al-getty-museum-e-allistituto-italiano-di-cultura-ecco-le-immagini/il-pugile-a-riposo-esposto-nella-mostra-power-and-pathos-al-getty-museum/
http://www.giacobbegiusti.com

Giacobbe Giusti, Panagyurishte Treasure

Giacobbe Giusti, Panagyurishte Treasure

The Panagyurishte Treasure (Bulgarian: Панагюрско златно съкровище) is a Thracian treasure excavated on December 8, 1949 by three brothers, Pavel, Petko and Michail Deikov who worked together at the region of “Merul” tile factory near the town of Panagyurishte, Bulgaria. It consists of a phiale, an amphora and seven rhytons with total weight of 6.164 kg of 24-karat gold. All of the objects are richly and skilfully decorated with scenes of Thracian myths, customs and life. It is dated from the 4th-3rd centuries BC, and is thought to have been used as a royal ceremonial set by the Thracian king Seuthes III. As one of the best known surviving artifacts of Thracian culture, the treasure has been displayed at various museums around the world. When not on a tour, the treasure is the centerpiece of the Thracian art collection of the National Museum of History in Sofia.

The items may have been buried to hide them during 4th century BC invasions of the area by the Celts or Macedonians. The phiale carries inscriptions giving its weight in Greek drachmae and Persian darics.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panagyurishte_Treasure

 

Il tesoro come è conservato nel museo di Sofia

Il Tesoro di Panagjurište è un corredo tracio rinvenuto dai tre fratelli bulgari Pavel, Petko e Michail Deikovs l’8 dicembre 1949, nei pressi della cittadina di Panagjurište, nella Bulgaria nord-occidentale^[1].

Il tesoro consiste di sette rhyta, un’anfora ed una phiale tutti in oro a 23 carati, per un totale di 6,164 kg. Probabilmente vennero eseguiti da artisti traci nei pressi di Lampsaco, dal momento che sulla phiale c’è una misura usata in quella città, e risalirebbero al IV-III secolo a.C.^[2] Vista la fattura, probabilmente appartennero ad un re odrisio, forse a Seute III.

Il tesoro è uno dei massimi esempi di oreficeria tracia e probabilmente venne sepolto all’arrivo dei Celti, nei primi decenni del III secolo a.C. La lavorazione è una combinazione di stile greco e tracio, e fu molto probabilmente una commissione, in quanto i Greci non facevano uso di rhyta con simili caratteristiche, bensì i Traci^[3].

Immagine ravvicinata di un rhyton

I vari pezzi aurei sono^[4] tre rhyta (contenitori per versare liquidi, in particolare vino) a forma di teste di donna (o Amazzoni oppure le dee Era, Artemide ed Atena, con la testa elmata) con lievi differenze e manico terminante in sfinge, alti 20,5, 21,5 e 22,5 cm, per un diametro massimo di 12,5, 13,5, 10,5 cm e pesanti rispettivamente 387, 461 e 467 grammi; ci sono altri quattro rhyta (in questo caso con la funzione di recipienti per bere): due a forma di testa di cervo (alti 12,5 cm e pesanti 689 grammi circa), uno di testa di ariete (alto 12,5 cm e pesante 505 grammi) ed uno, senza manico, di corpo di capra (alto 14 cm e pesante 440 grammi). La phiale (un grande recipiente di uso cerimoniale) ha un diametro di 25 cm, pesa 845 grammi ed ha quattro cerchi di 24 figure ciascuno: gli ultimi tre composti da teste di etiopi e quello interno composto da ghiande; al centro vi è un umbone ed è recato il valore dell’oggetto: 200 stateri, ½ dracma e 1 obolo di Lampsaco. L’anfora ha un’altezza di 29 cm per un peso di 1,69 kg, e raffigura una scena di battaglia; i due manici sono a forma di centauri.

Quando non è esposto in mostre all’estero, il tesoro si trova nel Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Sofia; in precedenza era conservato a Plovdiv.

Mappa del regno trace degli Odrisi, 5°-1° sec AC

 [

Dettaglio dei reperti

Rhyton a testa di daino con scene delle gesta eroiche di Ercole e Teseo.

(# di inventario 3198, Museo di Plovdiv, 689 g, 13 cm di altezza)

La parte superiore del manico è in foggia di leone che appoggia le zampe anteriori sul bordo della bocca del vaso, cesellata con una banda di piccoli scudi; la parte inferiore termina con un volto  femminile. Lo stelo è scanalato verticalmente Ercole è rappresentato con la pelle del Leone Nemeo sulle spalle (ucciso nella prima delle “dodici fatiche”) mentre lotta con la cerva Cerinea dalle corna d’oro (catturata della quarta delle sue “fatiche”), mandata da Artemide per punire il popolo dell’Arcadia. Inseguendo l’animale, l’eroe attraversò la Tracia e giunse sino alla terra degli Iperborei, alle sorgenti del fiume Istros (Danubio).Teseo è rappresentato con una clamys sventolante e con al fianco la sua spada, mentre lotta con il toro di Maratona.

Rhyton a testa di daino con scene delle gesta eroiche di Ercole e Teseo

Rhyton a testa di daino con scene delle gesta eroiche di Ercole e Teseo

Rhyton a testa di daino con scene delle gesta eroiche di Ercole e Teseo

Rhyton a testa di daino con scene delle gesta eroiche di Ercole e Teseo

Rhyton a testa di cervo con la scena del Giudizio di Paride.

(# di inventario 3197, Museo di Plovdiv, 674,6 g, 13,5 cm di altezza)

La forma complessiva è simile al rhyton 3198, ma con differenze importanti. Lo stelo del manico è cesellato in sei timpani decorati con modanature convesso-concave (cyma reversa). Il collo della testa di donna alla base del manico si fonde con la gola dell’animale. I dettagli sono eseguiti con estrema precisione; le corna e le orecchie del cervo sono state modellate separatamente e poi saldate. La scena è composta da Hera, seduta sul trono decorato in postura regale, in posizione centrale, Atena, con elmo e scudo e Afrodite con un elegante himation ricamato a motivi triangolari puntati, siedono ai due lati. Entrambe portano collane con pendente centrale. Paride (Alexander è il nome scritto a sinistra della testa), vestito come un pastore, siede su una roccia e tiene nella mano sinistra il bastone, il braccio destro alzato per proclamare il verdetto. Le dee fissano Paride nell’attesa del giudizio su chi di loro è la più bella. I nomi delle dee sono scritti con lettere puntate a lato del capo.

Brocca rhytonizzata in forma della testa della dea Hera

(# di inventario 3200, Museo di Plovdiv, 460,75 g, 21,5 cm di altezza)

Il boccale fa parte dello stesso set dei due rhyton precedenti, ma lo stile lo fa porre come opera di un diverso orafo. Il manico ha sezione rettangolare ed è sormontato da una sfinge dotata di ali finemente cesellate che indossa collana e orecchini. Il collo della dea porta una collana con pendenti a goccia e un elemento centrale in foggia di testa di leone con la bocca forata, per consentire la mescita del vino. I capelli sono pettinati all’indietro e fasciati da un fazzoletto (kekriphalos) ^[5] annodato sulla fronte, ricamato con motivi triangolari puntati e stelle a cinque, sei e sette raggi e un motivo ondulato ad onde marine alla base. Sul lobo dell’orecchio sinistro è chiaramente visibile il segno in rilievo di un foro, ma non ci sono orecchini. Il volto è rimasto parzialmente schiacciato durante il recupero.

Brocca rhytonizzata in foggia della dea Hera

Brocca rhytonizzata in forma della testa della dea Atena

(# di inventario 3202, Museo di Plovdiv, 387,3 g, 20,5 cm di altezza)

La dea indossa un elmo in foggia di tiara riccamente decorato con due grifoni e due gruppi complessi di palmette in posizione centrale, in mezzo alla fronte. Anche in questo boccale il manico ha sezione rettangolare e la sfinge è praticamente identica a quella di Hera. La collana reca un pendente con foro centrale per la mescita. Gli occhi appaiono cavi, e si può solo apprezzare il profilo dell’iride, dal momento che il materiale usato per la costruzione (probabilmente pasta vetrosa) non si è conservato. È da notare come tra le decorazioni della tomba del re Odriso Seuthes III (scoperta nella regione di Kazanlak, nella cosiddetta “Valle dei Re”), appaia una rappresentazione di Atena molto simile a questa; la somiglianza ha fatto supporre che il tesoro appartenesse a questo sovrano. Il volto e la base sono rimasti parzialmente schiacciati durante il recupero.

 

Brocca rhytonizzata in foggia della testa della dea Atena

Brocca rhytonizzata in foggia della testa della dea Atena

Brocca rhytonizzata in forma della testa della dea Afrodite

(# di inventario 3201, Museo di Plovdiv, 466,3 g, 21,5 cm di altezza)

È complessivamente molto simile al rhyton di Hera, ma realizzato con dettagli diversi. Il fazzoletto che lega i capelli (kekryphalos) è molto più decorato con gruppi di punti e stelle a sei, sette, otto, dieci e undici raggi, in alcuni punti inscritte in una circonferenza di punti; anche in questo caso presenta un motivo ondulato ad onde marine alla base. Decorazioni  praticamente identiche sono state osservate sulla tiara d’oro reperita nella tomba di una principessa Tracia della tribù dei Tribali (tumulo di Mogilanska presso Vraza)^[6] datata al 4° secolo AC. La collana presenta due ordini di pendenti alternati di lunghezza diversa, i più piccoli a forma di cuore, i più grandi di goccia rovesciata. Il pendente centrale forato per la mescita è anche in questo caso, a foggia di testa di leone, ma il profilo della bocca sembra accennare ad un sorriso. Le ali della sfinge sono  parzialmente spezzate nella parte superiore, ma è l’unico danno riportato durante il recupero.

Brocca rhytonizzata in forma della testa della dea Afrodite

Phiale decorato con volti di fattezze etiopi.

(# di inventario 3204, Museo di Plovdiv, 844,7 g, 25 cm di diametro)

Presenta un centro concavo (onfalos), saldato al vaso con un anello d’oro circondato da cinque corone di decorazioni di grandezza crescente. All’interno dell’onfalos c’è una scritta reca il nome della città di Lapsakos, probabilmente la città dove venne cesellato. La prima corona è costituita da dodici rosette, la seconda da 24 ghiande, le successive da 24 teste con tratti etiopi, di grandezza crescente, tutte intercalate da decori a palmette. Il bordo è introflesso, rendendo l’uso del vaso per bere direttamente piuttosto difficile. Secondo i greci, il termine etiopi indicava gli abitanti della parte più meridionale del mondo conosciuto (oikoumene), identificabile come Nord Africa. Nei pressi di Nesebar è stato rinvenuto un frammento di un vaso a figure nere rappresentante la testa di un etiope. La presenza di etiopi in Tracia non deve stupire. Nel poema epico Etiopide, che racconta le vicende della guerra di Troia tra la morte di Ettore e la disputa per le armi di Achille tra Aiace Telamonio e Odisseo, si narra di un contingente di guerrieri etiopi guidati da Memnone, giunti in soccorso dei troiani. Il poema (perduto e noto solo per riassunti posteriori) si stima sia stato composto nel VII secolo AC.

Phiale decorato con volti di fattezze etiopi

Anfora rhytonizzata con manici in foggia di centauri

(# di inventario 3203, Museo di Plovdiv, 1695,25 g, 29 cm di altezza)

Anfora ritonizzata con manici in foggia di centauri

È il vaso più spettacolare del tesoro e non solo per il suo peso. L’intera superficie del corpo ovoidale è decorata da sette figure maschili tra due bande di motivi floreali. Il collo del vaso, più affusolato, è stato saldato separatamente e la saldatura coperta con una cyma Ionica (modanatura convessa); termina con un bordo estroflesso.  I manici rappresentano due centauri con le braccia nella posizione di tendere l’arco. Un rhyton d’argento con manici in foggia di centauri è stato ritrovato vicino al villaggio di Topolchane, Sliven, nel 2007. Il corpo dell’anfora è completamente decorato con una scena costituita da sette figure. La prima figura è quella di un vecchio barbuto che esamina il fegato di un animale per predire il futuro ed è guardato, alla sua sinistra, da un giovane che indossa un mantello allacciato sul petto (chlamys), una corta spada ricurva (sica supina) e ha la mano sinistra su  di un bastone. È la figura centrale ed è la sola ad essere rappresentata con le calzature; queste sono stivaletti bassi senza risvolto che salgono poco sopra la caviglia e serrati da un laccio (endromides, letteralmente “da corsa”), tipiche calzature di Traci e Sciti ^[7] . Esichio di Alessandria nel suo immenso Glossario (Γλώσσαι) le definisce come “calzature adatte agli atleti”; Polluce conferma l’etimologia ^[8] e aggiunge che sono quelle più spesso calzate da Artemide, riprendendo un passo di Callimaco di Cirene che fa dire alla dea” Voglio dei servi che si prendano cura delle mie endromides e dei miei veloci cani”.^[9] Alla sua sinistra, girato di spalle, un araldo suona il corno per chiama quattro guerrieri all’attacco. Uno di questi è di fronte ad una porta e, spada in pugno, sta spingendo uno dei battenti, nello spazio tra i battenti si vedono le mani e la testa di un vecchio barbuto e disarmato. Vi sono diverse ipotesi sul significato della scena: la più diffusa è che rappresenti il mito dei “Sette contro Tebe”, tragedia di Eschilo del ciclo tebano. La parte inferiore dell’anfora reca il bassorilievo di un Sileno barbuto che reca in una mano un flauto a due canne e nell’altra una coppa (cantaros) che si spinge sino ad uno delle due simmetriche bocche di mescita, costituite dalle teste di due etiopi. Sull’altro lato del fondo dell’anfora è rappresentato il giovane Ercole che strangola i serpenti inviati da Hera.

Rhyton con protome di capro

(# di inventario 3196, Museo di Plovdiv, 439,05 g, 14 cm di altezza)

Questo rhyton differisce da quelli della  collezione in quanto non ha il manico e oltre la metà del corpo dell’animale è liscio e privo di decorazioni. L’ugello di mescita è tronco conico; le decorazioni della bocca del vaso sono molto simili a quelle delle brocche ritonate. Lo stile delle figure e le scritte dei nomi dei personaggi sono anch’esse dello stesso tipo ma, diversamente dal rhyton con il giudizio di Paride, il nome di Hera finisce con E invece che con A. La testa dell’animale con parte del collo, le corna, le orecchie e la parte anteriore delle zampe sono state cesellate separatamente. Diversamente dagli altri rhyta, gli occhi sono modellati nell’oro, con bulbi oculari e pupille concave. Hera è al centro della scena, seduta su di un trono, con i piedi appoggiati su di uno sgabello. Con la mano destra mesce una libagione da un fiale, mentre con l’altra mano solleva il bordo del velo che le copre il capo. Gli dei gemelli Apollo e Artemide, con i loro archi stretti nelle mani sinistre siedono ai lati di Hera. Sulla parte posteriore è rappresentata Nike alata, la dea della vittoria; porta i capelli raccolti in un’alta crocchia. Indossa una tunica legata dietro al collo con un nastro che si incrocia in mezzo al seno, dove è fissato con un medaglione rotondo centrato da un disco in rilievo. Hera e Artemide portano chitoni ionici con doppia cinta, ma solo quello di Hera è decorato con motivi a stelle e punti.^[10]

Rhyton con protome di capro

Rhyton in foggia di testa di capretto con scena Dionisiaca

(# di inventario 3199, Museo di Plovdiv, 505,05 g, 12,5 cm di altezza)

Questo rhyton ha molte delle caratteristiche simili a quello a testa di cervo. Il capretto è rappresentato con tratti anatomici molto realistici; il profilo della sclera sinistra è inciso più profondamente di quello destro. I riccioli di pelo sono rappresentati con due piccoli cerchi concentrici. Il giovane Dioniso è seduto al centro della scena. I capelli, lunghi fino alle spalle, sono cinti da una ghirlanda d’edera. La parte inferiore del corpo è coperta da un imation. Nella mano destra tiene un tirso (il bastone con intrecciati pampini ed edera); la mano sinistra è appoggiata sulla spalla di una giovane che gli cinge la vita con il braccio; entrambi portano calzature basse allacciate simili a quelle dell’affresco della volta della Tomba trace di Kazanlak. A due lati sono due menadi che reggono un tirso e un timpano, in posa estatica danzante. I nomi a lato delle teste delle figure sono Dioniso ed Eriope; quest’ultimo è un appellativo di Arianna, abbandonata da Teseo sull’isola di Naxos, dove divenne la sposa di Dioniso. Il nome potrebbe essere una variante di Erigone, figlia di Icaro, di cui si innamorò Dioniso. Come ringraziamento per l’ospitalità data a Dioniso, Icaro ricevette in dono la vite e divenne il primo uomo a produrre vino in Attica. Il culto di Dioniso è molto probabilmente di origine Trace.

Rhyton in foggia di testa di capretto con scena Dionisiaca

https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesoro_di_Panagjuri%C5%A1te

Giacobbe Giusti, Power and Pathos: Bronze Sculpture of the Hellenistic World

 

The J. Paul Getty Museum

Giacobbe Giusti,  Power and Pathos: Bronze Sculpture of the Hellenistic World

Boy Removing a Thorn from His Foot, “The Spinario,” about 50 B.C., bronze and copper. Musei Capitolini, Rome, Palazzo dei Conservatori, Sala dei Trionfi – foto Zeno Colantoni

July 28–November 1, 2015, Getty Center

During the Hellenistic period from the death of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C. until the establishment of the Roman Empire in 31 B.C., the medium of bronze drove artistic innovation. Sculptors moved beyond Classical norms, supplementing traditional subjects and idealized forms with realistic renderings of physical and emotional states. Bronze—surpassing marble with its tensile strength, reflective effects, and ability to hold fine detail—was employed for dynamic compositions, dazzling displays of the nude body, and graphic expressions of age and character.

Cast from alloys of copper, tin, lead, and other elements, bronze statues were produced in the thousands: honorific portraits of rulers and citizens populated city squares, and images of gods, heroes, and mortals crowded sanctuaries. Few, however, survive. This unprecedented exhibition unites fifty significant bronzes of the Hellenistic age. New discoveries appear with works known for centuries, and several closely related statues are presented side by side for the first time.

This exhibition was organized by the J. Paul Getty Museum, the Fondazione Palazzo Strozzi in Florence, and the National Gallery of Art in Washington, with the participation of the Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici della Toscana. It is supported by an indemnity from the Federal Council on the Arts and the Humanities.

Bank of America is the National Sponsor of this touring exhibition. The Los Angeles presentation is also supported by the Getty Museum’s Villa Council, Vera R. Campbell Foundation, and the A. G. Leventis Foundation.

http://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/power_pathos/

http://www.giacobbegiusti.com

 

Giacobbe Giusti, Defining beauty the body in ancient Greek art

Giacobbe Giusti, Defining beauty the body in ancient Greek art

 

 

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Marble statue of a naked Aphrodite crouching at her bath, also known as Lely’s Venus. Roman copy of a Greek original, 2nd century AD. Royal Collection Trust/Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2015.

 

26 March – 5 July 2015

Defining beauty: the Body in Ancient Greek Art at the British Museum gives visitors quite an eyeful

by Hugh Montgomery

Saturday 21 March 2015

From fitness magazines to dating apps, you don’t have to look far for evidence of our modern society’s obsession with the body beautiful. But for all the think-piece chatter, this veneration of the toned and chiselled is hardlya 21st-century phenomenon: get a load of those Ancient Greeks, as you can at the British Museum’s spring blockbuster exhibition Defining Beauty.

Bringing together around 150 pieces from the Museum’s own collections and beyond, it will show how, from the fifth century BC on, Greek sculptors revolutionised the representation of the human form. Channelling the humanism that was at the core of the new Athenian democracy – the idea, as Protagoras said, that “man was the measure of all things” – they sought to celebrate the human form by depicting it in a radically naturalistic but idealised state.

And in doing so, lost the clothes, of course: the Greeks’ attitude towards naked male flesh, at least, was “exceptional and unique” within the ancient world, as curator Ian Jenkins points out. Rather than maintain the traditional associations of nakedness with shame and vulnerability, they re-conceived it as heroic. “When a young man took off his clothes in the gymnasium, he wore the uniform of the righteous,” says Jenkins.

Indeed, if today’s body-beautiful culture seems predicated on envy and aspiration, the exhibition’s marble, bronze and terracotta specimens will leave visitors in rather more sublime a state, hopes Jenkins. “The Greeks placed man at the centre [of their world] and elevated him to be uniquely self-determining … and the body is the illustration of that conviction … I want [people] to come out feeling more intelligent and beautiful than when they went in,” he says.

And if that’s not incentive enough, then here, as an appetite-whetter, are six of Jenkins’s pulchritudinous highlights:

1) Figure of a River God, (circa 438-432BC) – one of the Parthenon Sculptures or ‘Elgin Marbles’

Figure of a river god, one of the ‘Elgin Marbles’ (British Museum)
I have put this first among the six, because it is a Greek original; many of the others are Roman copies. It comes from the west pediment of the Parthenon, and is thought to represent the river Ilissos. To  get a figure to fit the space of a pediment’s raking cornice, you have to make it miniature or have it recline, and once you’ve got the figure to lie, it becomes a good subject for representing water, as it “flows” into the corner. The piece has about it that shifting indefinable quality of breathing vitality; cold marble is made lissom and languid by a process of almost magical alchemy and turned into warm flesh and flowing drapery, which is then converted again into water.

2) Bronze statuette of Zeus (1st-2nd century AD)

A bronze statuette of Zeus (British Museum)
This representation of the great Lord Olympus, some 20cm high, is an extraordinary piece: macho, commanding, erotically inspiring, all the things that the male body can be. It came into the British Museum collection in the mid 19th century having been in the collection of Dominique Vivant Denon, the first director of the Louvre. It is the quality of the piece that is so remarkable: as a French commentator said at the end of the 19th century, one could imagine in this statue that it were a colossus: it has such a major impact on the eye and when you look at it close up, it looks as though the detail could only be achieved on something of a much greater scale.

3) Aphrodite crouching at her bath, aka Lely’s Venus (2nd century AD)

‘Lely’s Venus’ a Roman copy of the lost Greek original (Royal Collection Trust/Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2015)
She’s a truly exceptional piece of carving and composition who represents the danger of getting too close to goddesses: the idea is that you approach her from behind and you see her broad flat back, her head looking forcefully down over her right shoulder, and her right arm reaching over her left shoulder and seeming to play with our attention and beckon us to move closer. So we do first a quarter turn, and then a three-quarter turn, but finally our expectations are denied because we do not get an intimate view of her sexual parts and instead what we get is an intimidating stare. A piece that seems at first welcoming is in fact, very threatening.

4) Marble statue of a boy athlete, aka the Westmacott Athlete (1st century AD)

The ‘Westmacott Athlete’ (British Museum)
This representation of a young athlete fulfils an idea of the beautiful male athletic body that is much spoken of in texts of the time. He is the epitome of youth: standing firm but looking away from us demurely. This is a copy of a lost Greek original from around the time of Socrates, and I like to think of him as from Plato’s Charmides, a dialogue in which a beautiful boy is admired and interrogated by Socrates, who determines that he is not only beautiful but morally sound: he is drawn even more to him because he demonstrates “charis” or grace. You can also see here how the sexuality of the athletic nude is reduced by the downsizing of the genitals – and there’s no thrusting as you find with the goal-scoring footballers of today.

5) Statuette of a veiled and masked dancer, aka the Baker Dancer (3rd-2nd century BC)

‘The Baker Dancer’ (British Museum)
This is an object which I first fell in love with when I went to The Met in New York aged 24. It’s a virtuoso, almost dazzling display of modelling, first of all in clay and then cast in bronze, of a female dancer using her drapery to suggest the body beneath, which she’s clearly very proud of. It’s a great example of the use of drapery as sexual innuendo by sculptors in a society where the depiction of the  female body was more problematic than the male.

6) The Belvedere Torso (1st century BC to 1st century AD)

The ‘Belvedere Torso’ (British Museum)
It is a privilege to have this on loan from the Vatican; it’s the first time it has travelled to the UK. This piece was much praised by Michelangelo, and inspired The Creation of Adam; when asked by the Pope to restore it, he refused on the grounds it was an inimitable work of art which, though broken, possessed the ideal principles of Greek sculpture. I think it’s probably a representation of Hercules, after his labours, awaiting divinity, though there are a few different theories – there is a suggestion that he’s Ajax – and what’s so remarkable about it is the articulation of the different planes of the body; it’s like a cubist painting by Picasso.

http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/defining-beauty-the-body-in-ancient-greek-art-at-the-british-museum-gives-visitors-quite-an-eyeful-10123257.html
http://www.britishmuseum.org/whats_on/past_exhibitions/2015/defining_beauty.aspx?fromShortUrl
http://www.giacobbegiusti.com

Giacobbe Giusti, Bronze Sculpture Discovered in Georgia Goes on Display in Los Angeles

Giacobbe Giusti, Bronze Sculpture Discovered in Georgia Goes on Display in Los Angeles

An ancient statue dating back to the Bronze Age and discovered in Georgia goes on a display among the ancient world’s masterpieces in Los Angeles.

After the long term collaboration of the Georgian National Museum and J. Paul Getty Museum unidentified bronze statue named Torso of a Youth dated 2nd – 1st century BC, discovered in Vani settlement, wester Georgia were available to go on a display at the exhibition in the J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles.

A major exhibition named Power and Pathos: Bronze Sculpture of the Hellenistic World was open at the Los Angeles Getty Museum on July 28 and will last until November 1.

Before moving to Los Angeles, following exhibition was presented at the Palazzo Strozzi in Florence and after Getty Museum, exposition will move to the National Gallery of Art in Washington.

Other pieces which are exhibited at the Los Angeles Getty Museum are from world’s leading ancient museums, such are the British Museum in London, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, the Galleria degli Uffizi and the Museo Archeologico Nazionale in Florence, the Museo Archeologico Nazionale in Naples, the National Archaeological Museum in Athens, the Musйe du Louvre in Paris, and the Vatican Museums.

The exhibition in Los Angeles is organized by the J. Paul Getty Museum, the Fondazione Palazzo Strozzi in Florence and the National Gallery of Art in Washington, with the participation of the Tuscany’s directorate general for archaeology and it represents one of the largest expositions of this kind.

National Museum of Georgia is temporary housing of the statue, but as soon as Otar Lordkipanidze Vani Museum-Reserve will finish its large scale reconstruction works in 2016 the bronze torso of a youth will be returned at the original place.

 

 

 

Georgian National Museum currently takes part in one of the most important international cultural event. From 14 March to 21 June 2015, Palazzo Strozzi in Florence is hosting a major exhibition entitled “Power and Pathos”. Bronze Sculpture of the Hellenistic World, devised and produced in conjunction with the J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles, the National Gallery of Art in Washington and the Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici della Toscana, Tuscany’s directorate general for archaeology.  The exhibition showcases a host of outstanding examples of bronze sculpture to tell the story of the spectacular artistic developments of the Hellenistic era (4th to 1st centuries BCE).

The exhibition hosts some of the most important masterpieces of the ancient world from many of the world’s leading archaeological museums including the British Museum in London, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, the Galleria degli Uffizi and the Museo Archeologico Nazionale in Florence, the Museo Archeologico Nazionale in Naples, the National Archaeological Museum in Athens, the Musée du Louvre in Paris, the Vatican Museums and the Georgian National Museum, which  represented bronze torso of a youth dated 2nd – 1st century BC, discovered in Vani settlement (Georgia).

Participation at the exhibition is due to the long term collaboration of Georgian National Museum and J. Paul Getty Museum. After the exhibition at Palazzo Strozzi, all exponents will be showcased at the National Gallery of Art in Washington and J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles in 2016.

As soon as Georgian National Museum Otar Lordkipanidze Vani Museum-Reserve will finish its large scale reconstructive works, bronze torso of a youth will be returned at the original place.

http://museum.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=72&info_id=13315

http://georgiatoday.ge/news/938/Bronze-Sculpture-Discovered-in-Georgia-Goes-on-Display-in-Los-Angeles

http://www.giacobbegiusti.com

Giacobbe Giusti, TERRANTICA. Faces, Myths and Images of the Earth in the Ancient World

Giacobbe Giusti, TERRANTICA. Faces, Myths and Images of the Earth in the Ancient World

 

 

 

Terrantica, madre, 2800 aC,

Atene Museo dell’Arte Cicladica, Nicholas and Dolly Goulandris Foundation

Colosseo, 5 agosto – 30 settembre 2015

Since April 23, 2015 until October 11, 2015 the coliseum will host in its splendid arches an exhibition dedicated to the worship of the earth, from prehistory to the Roman Empire: Terrantica. Halfway between the human and the divine, the exhibition offers an insight on the strength of Mother Earth, told his visitors through 75 works, including ancient artifacts (statues, vases, reliefs), and contemporary photographs with the theme antiquity, the sacredness of the magic of the Earth. – See more at: http://www.colosseo-roma.com/events/colosseum/exhibition-terrantica-colosseum/en#sthash.NG4pIzTY.dpuf
http://www.colosseo-roma.com/events/colosseum/exhibition-terrantica-colosseum/en
http://segnalazioni.blogspot.it/2015/05/la-rassegna-della-stampa-di-oggi-sara_10.html

http://www.giacobbegiusti.com

Giacobbe Giusti, Ancient bronze sculptures comes to Getty Museum

Giacobbe Giusti, Ancient bronze sculptures comes to  Getty Museum

The Pompeii Apollo”

 

 

Kenneth Lapatin, associate curator at the J. Paul Getty Museum, gestures toward a sculpture which is part of the “Power and Pathos: Bronze Sculpture of Hellenistic World” exhibit in Los Angeles, Monday, July 27, 2015. (AP / Nick Ut)

John Rogers, The Associated Press
Published Tuesday, July 28, 2015 9:35AM EDT

LOS ANGELES — It’s almost as if the dozens of exquisitely detailed, often perfectly intact bronze sculptures on display at the J. Paul Getty Museum disappeared into an ancient witness-protection program — and decided to stay there for thousands of years.

“Power and Pathos: Bronze Sculpture of the Hellenistic World,” which opened at the museum Tuesday, brings together more than 50 bronzes from the Hellenistic period that extended from about 323 to 31 B.C.

Many of them, like the life-size figure of an exhausted boxer, his hands still bandaged from a match, brow cut and bruised, are stunning in their detail. So is the “The Medici Riccardi Horse,” a horse’s head complete with flaring nostrils and a detailed mane. “Sleeping Eros” shows an infant sprawled out sound asleep on a pedestal. One arm is draped across the child’s chest, his tousled hair in gentle repose.

Perhaps even more stunning, however, is the fact that any of these things survived.

Thousands of such beautifully detailed bronzes were created during the Hellenistic Age. Larger works were assembled piece-by-piece and welded together by artisans working in almost assembly line fashion and displayed in both public places and the homes of the well to do.

But most, say the exhibition’s co-curators, Kenneth Lapatin and Jens Daehner, were eventually melted down and turned into something else like coins.

“We know Lysippos made 1,500 bronzes in his lifetime, but not one survives,” Lapatin said of the artist said to be Alexander the Great’s favourite sculptor. “They’ve all been melted down.”

To this day, roads, fields and other public places across Greece and much of the rest of the Mediterranean are dotted with empty stone bases where bronze statues once stood, added Daehner during a walk-through of the stunning, hilltop museum ahead of the exhibition’s opening.

Which is why you rarely see more than one or two when you visit most any museum, said J. Paul Getty Director Timothy Potts.

The nearly 60 that will be on display at the J. Paul Getty until Nov. 1 are believed to represent the largest such collection ever assembled. They have been contributed by 32 lenders from 14 countries on four continents.

“Many of these are national treasures,” Potts said. “They are the greatest works of ancient art that these nations possess. So it’s been an extraordinary act of generosity for them to be lent to us.”

Many are completely intact, so much so that several still have their eyes, made of tin and glass. The result, they can stare right back in eerie fashion at museum visitors who go to check them out.

That they survived was in most cases the result of simple good fortune on their part, if not their owners’.

“It’s only through shipwrecks, through being buried in the foundations of buildings, being buried by a volcano at Pompeii or landslides that most of these pieces have survived,” said Lapatin.

“Herm of Dionysus,” for example, was believed to have been commissioned by a wealthy Roman homeowner. The detailed work of a bearded man with hat and animated eyes was found in a shipwreck off the coast of Tunisia in 1907.

The sculpture of an athlete raising an arm in victory was uncovered in the Adriatic Sea by Italian fishermen in the 1960s.

“The Pompeii Apollo” was discovered in 1977 in the dining room of a house in Pompeii that had been buried by the volcanic eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 A.D.

It is believed to have been used, in a very ungodlike fashion, to hold the room’s lights. That’s something that inspired Lapatin to refer to it as the equivalent of a modern-day lawn jockey.

The exhibition featuring it and the other pieces was organized by the J. Paul Getty Museum, the Fondazione Palazzo Strozzi in Florence and the National Gallery of Art in Washington. It opened at the Palazzo Strozzi earlier this year. After it leaves the Getty, will go on display Dec. 6 at the National Gallery of Art.

It will also be the subject of study when the 19th International Congress on Ancient Bronzes convenes in Los Angeles in October.

http://www.ctvnews.ca/entertainment/ancient-bronze-sculptures-comes-to-l-a-s-getty-museum-1.2490939

http://www.giacobbegiusti.com